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2002 Text 4

文章

第一段

The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

  • physician = doctor 常考这两个的同义改写。
  • 写作应用:: 对 ... 具有重要意义 → carry important implications for ...
  • carry important implications for ... → 对 ... 具有重要意义
  • medicine → n. 药物，药剂；医疗，医学
  • dying → 临终的，垂死的

第二段

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

  • constitution → n. 宪法，章程；组成，构成，制定
  • hold → v. 认为，相信；持有，拥有
  • intended → adj. 预期的，打算中的

第三段

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

  • doses → n. 剂量（dose 的复数）
  • dosages → n. [药]剂量；用量（dosage 的复数）

第四段

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death".

  • contend → v. 声称，主张，认为；竞争，争夺；处理，对付
  • shield → v. 保护，庇护

第五段

George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It’s like surgery," he says. "We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide."

  • prescribe → v. 开药方，开处方
  • legitimate → adj. 合情合理的；合法的
  • homicide → n. 杀人，谋杀

第六段

On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

  • fuel → n. 燃料；v. 加燃料

第七段

Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

  • volume → n. 一卷，一册
  • Care at the End of Life → 临终护理
  • undertreatment → 处理不力
  • dishonor → vt. 使蒙羞，使丢脸
  • twin problems → 双重问题

第八段

The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

  • profession → 行业，职业
  • taking steps → 采取措施
  • hospices → （晚期病人）护理所

第九段

Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.

  • well-meaning → adj. 意图良好的
  • initiative → n. 倡议；主动性，主动的行动
  • translate into ... → 转化为 ...
  • seem unconcerned with → 似乎对 ... 不关心
  • 如果遇到了名词 + 主谓，则后面的主谓直接就是定语从句！
  • constitute → v. 构成，组成
  • systematic → 系统的，有计划的（这里引申为故意的）
  • abuse → n. 滥用；虐待
  • presumptively → 据推测
  • license suspension → 吊销执照

题目

36

From the first three paragraphs, we learn that

[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain

[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives

[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide

[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

  • used to do sth. → 过去常常做某事，言外之意是现在不做了
  • commit → v. 犯错
  • 原文中的 have used 表示从过去到现在一直都是这样，与 used to do 不一样，时态错误；
  • 典型的同意改写；
  • 反向干扰；
  • 对象换掉了，典型的偷换概念。

37

Which of the following statements is true according to the text?

[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’ death.

[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.

[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.

[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

  1. 根据主旨把握方向直接判定错误，也是方向干扰
  2. 反向干扰
  3. 正确
  4. 反向干扰

38

According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is

[A] prolonged medical procedures

[B] inadequate treatment of pain

[C] systematic drug abuse

[D] insufficient hospital care

  1. 拼凑原文，原文延长的是时期，选项指的是医疗过程被延长！
  2. 同义改写
  3. 不匹配
  4. 偷换概念

39

Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” (Line 3, Paragraph 7)?

[A] Bold

[B] Harmful

[C] Careless

[D] Desperate

  • Bold → 大胆的
  • Careless → 粗心的
  • 只有 A 选项代入合适

40

George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they

[A] manage their patients incompetently

[B] give patients more medicine than needed

[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients

[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients

  1. 原文的意思是没有处理好死亡，题目说的是病人，偷换概念；
  2. 在前面说的，其它地方的信息混淆；
  3. 在前面说的，其它地方的信息混淆；
  4. 后面那一句就是这个意思！

单词记忆

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