2005 T1
文章¶
第一段¶
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
- have a reputation for ... → 以 ... 而出名
- slack → v. 懈怠，偷懒 adj. 懈怠的，敷衍了事的，懒惰的
- outraged → adj. 义愤填膺的；愤慨的，气愤的
- finely → adv. 微小地，细微地；精致地，精确地；精美地，优雅地；（形势或比赛等）不明朗地，难分伯仲地
- grievance → n. 不满，不平；委屈，冤情；投诉
第二段¶
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males.
- readily → adv. 轻而易举地，迅速地；乐意地，欣然地
- Above all → 最重要的是，首先
- counterpart → n. 对应的人（或事物）
第三段¶
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
- candidates → n. 候选人；申请者；应征人员（candidate 的复数）
- pieces → n. （从某物上拆下、撕下或切下的）块，片，段
- in return for ... → 作为……的报答
- markedly → adv. 显著地，明显地
第四段¶
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
- reluctant → adj. 勉强的，不情愿的
- chamber → n. 房间，室；会议厅，会所
第五段¶
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
- righteous → adj. 正直的，公正的；正义的
- indignation → n. 愤愤不平，义愤
- lesser → 更少的
题目¶
21¶
In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by .
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] making a comparison
[D] explaining a phenomenon → 只是提出个现象，并没有去解释。
- contrast → n. 差异，对比
- contrast 和 comparison的区别 → 前者仅表示相反的对比，后者范围更广泛
22¶
The statement "it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that .
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals → 是人被激怒，对象错误，偷换概念。
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other → 后面与原文不符
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions → 典型的拼凑原文，推断过度。
- other than → 除了；不同于
23¶
Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions → 注意的对象错了，偷换概念
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament → 答非所问，不是最重要的
[D] more generous than their male companions → 比较内容不对应，偷换概念
- weigh → v. 认真考虑，权衡
- attentive → adj. 注意的，专心的；贴心的
- instructions → n. 指令；说明（instruction 的复数形式）
- temperament → n. 气质，性格
- 本题利用排除法更好。
24¶
Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys .
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers → 不匹配，不是在实验中发现的，答非所问
[B] can be taught to exchange things → 不匹配，题干问的是发现了什么，换东西是研究的手段，答非所问
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated
[D] are unhappy when separated from others
25¶
What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
单词记忆¶
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